NASA Technical Memorandum 112192
DOT/FAA/AR-97/6

Facilitating LOS Debriefings:
A Training Manual

Lori K. McDonnell, Kimberly K. Jobe, and R. Key Dismukes,
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

March 1997

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, California 94035-1000

Preface

This manual is based on our study of LOFT debriefings at several U.S. airlines. The suggestions in this manual are derived from the data from that study, our subjective impressions, the experiences the LOFT instructors shared, and general literature on facilitation. Data and references to relevant literature from the study are available in the published report: LOFT Debriefings: An Analysis of Instructor Techniques and Crew Participation, by R.K. Dismukes, K.K. Jobe, and L.K. McDonnell (NASA Technical Memorandum 110442; March 1997).

This material is presented as suggestions rather than rules because facilitation is very much a personal skill and each instructor must develop an approach with which he or she is comfortable. These suggestions provide a tool kit of techniques instructors may draw upon to develop their own style.

This study was funded by the FAA's Office of the Chief Scientist and Technical Advisor for Human Factors (AAR- 100). Eleana Edens was the program manager.

Table of Contents

Preface
Summary

Part 1. An Introduction to Facilitation

Instruction vs. Facilitation

What You Should Do to Facilitate the Debriefing

What You Should Avoid Doing

Levels of facilitation

High-Level Facilitation

Intermediate-Level Facilitation

Low-Level facilitation

Criteria for Effective Crew Participation

Criteria for Effective Instructor Facilitation

Part 2. Getting Started

Clarifying Roles and Expectations: The Introduction

The Purpose of the Introduction

Why Introductions are Important

Important Points to Include in the Introduction

The Instructor's Role

The Crew's Responsibilities

The Rationale for Using Crew-Centered Debriefing

The Expected Length and Format of the Debriefing

A Sample Introduction

Debriefing Format

Developing an Agenda for the Discussion

Organizing the Discussion: The C-A-L Model

Part 3. Facilitation Techniques

Questions

Set the Scene and Ask for Crew Reaction

Lead the Crew to Topics

Deepen the Discussion

Follow-Up on Crew Topics

Turn Crew Questions and Comments Back to Them

Get Crewmembers to Actively Participate

Drawing Out a Quiet Crewmember

Drawing Out an Entire Crew

Troubleshooting: When the Crew Does Not Respond to Questions

Use of Silence

Benefits of Using Silence

What to Do during Silence

Strategies for Using Silence

Active Listening

Use of Video

Benefits of Using Video

Techniques for Using Video

Part 4. The C-A-L Model in Action

C: CRM - Applying the Company Model

Focusing on CRM

Reinforcing the Utilization of CRM through Crew Interaction

A: Analysis and Evaluation of LOS Performance

Getting Crews to Evaluate Their Performance

Eliciting Deep Analysis

L: Line Operations - Applying Lessons from LOS

Get the Crew to Discuss Related Line Incidents

Get the Crew to Discuss How to Apply Their Success to Line Operations

Get the Crew to Discuss What They Would Do Differently

Get the Crew to Discuss How They Will Do Things Differently on the Line based on Their Experience in the LOS

Appendix A. Organizing the Discussion: The C-A-L Model

Appendix B. Guidelines for Facilitating LOS Debriefings

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