Our supporting effort is to conduct a study entitled 'Survey of Pilot
Training.' The study is designed to systematically examine the aviation and
non-aviation training worlds. It will describe the current state-of-the-art
training technologies and methodologies, and training approaches that are
emerging and 'on-the-horizon'. All identified training approaches will be
evaluated in terms of their application to flight training and potential
incorporation into the EPFD.
I read with interest your discussion of 'naturalistic decision making.' I
assume you are using decision making as a term analagous to 'judgement' (as
used by Tony Kern in "Redefining Airmanship"). We would be interested in
your perception of how 'decision making' (naturalistic or otherwise) could
be taught within the domain of aviation. In particular, how such training
can be accomplished within the confines of a cockpit 'stimulator.'
Thanks,
Jay Vaughan
-----Original Message-----
From: terry_at_klein-inc.com <terry_at_klein-inc.com>
To: crm-devel_at_db.erau.edu <crm-devel_at_db.erau.edu>;
Sakuma_at_BDZ.crane.jal.co.jp <Sakuma_at_BDZ.crane.jal.co.jp>
Date: Wednesday, October 14, 1998 8:55 AM
Subject: Re: Analysis of Cali accident
>
>This is addressed to Martin Pletzer, but also to any other interested
parties. I am not familiar with the Cali accident, but
>you recently brought up an issue in which my company specializes: decison
making.
>
>This is a very interesting analysis and I wonder if you are familiar with
the field of naturalistic decision making. This field
>studies decision making in contexts of high stakes, dynamic conditions,
uncertainty and shifting goals. This would include the
>context of aircraft flight. One of the key findings is that people use
their experience to size up a situation as prototypical,
>then select an appropriate course of action for the prototypical situation.
People often do not deliberate about different
>situation assessements, nor do they deliberate about what to do once they
have the situation assessed. This has been shown in
>numerous domains such as aircraft pilots, firefighers, critical care nurses
and tank commanders (to name but a few).
>
>Although this decision making strategy may lead to errors, it more often
allows the decision maker to act quickly and
>effectively when time is critical. When poor decisions are made, it is
often because the information made available is
>incompatible with the way people naturally process information. Or,
critical information may be missing. My company, Klein
>Associates, specializes in the study and improvement of of decision making
through the design of the work space and training.
>This would include the improved design of navigational displays that you
mentioned in your email to Hideatke Sakuma.
>
>We recommend a couple of articles to learn more about these subjects. I do
not have electronic copies to provide, but can mail
>the following two articles to anyone interested:
>
>Kaempf, G. L., & Klein, G. (1994). Aeronautical decision making. In N.
Johnston, N. McDonald, & R. Fuller (Eds.), Aviation
>psychology in practice (pp. 223-254). Hants, England: Avebury Press.
>
>Klein, G. (in press). How Can We Train Pilots to Make Better Decisions?
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
>
>Thanks,
>
>-------------------------------
>Terry Stanard, PhD
>Klein Associates Inc.
>1750 Commerce Center Blvd. North
>Fairborn, OH, 45324
>Voice: (937) 873-8166 Ext. 114
>FAX: (937) 873-8258
>terry_at_klein-inc.com
>www.decisionmaking.com
>-------------------------------
>
>