As the group discusses the issue of missed approaches the fundamental issue
of first officers assertion and intervention appears to be woven throughout
the discussion. One of the best methods that I have seen for teaching
pilots how to progressively assert to meet the criticality of the situation
is the PACE method developed by Dr. Bob Besco. Below is the description
of the workshop he gave at the Ninth International Aviation Psychology
Symposium.
"PACE" - Probing, Alerting, Challenging and Emergency Warning; The
Integration of CRM and Operational Procedures
The "PACE" system enables an organization to standardize its framework for
junior/subordinate flight crew members to utilize the four steps of
intervention to make rational, logical inquires to the Captain. The four
operational procedure steps of PACE form an ordered progression of
inquiries designed to reduce risks at each level of the intervention
sequence .... The PACE skills enable subordinate flight crew members to
intervene when a Captain is not performing up to reasonable professional
standards...
I hope that this helps folks trying to build a coherent assertion module
for their CRM program.
Vince Mancuso